In this document we realized a research about
bilingual children. First of all we are going to explain what the human
language is, its phases and stages and the difference between acquisition and
learning language. After that, we are going to present the subtitle about the
second language and the difference between bilingualism and true bilingualism.
Also we will present the advantages and disadvantages to develop a second
language. Finally we end with a short text about the relationship between
culture and bilingualism. In the annex we will present our result of our
research about the impact of bilingualism nowadays.
sábado, 19 de noviembre de 2016
Hypothesis
Children that are raised with two languages at the
same time have a better ability to speak fluently in both languages. This helps
the development of the brain and stimulate the way of learning at an early age.
We will prove that children that are able to speak another language besides their
mother tongue have a better vocabulary and do not switch while speaking. Through
of our research, we will prove that factors of culture, such as that child's go
to a private school or their self interest about to learning a second language
at an early age, help to develop the second language of a better way.
What is the Human Language?
― Noam Chomsky, Language and mind."When we study human languaje, we are approaching what some might call the "human essence", the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man."
Language is used for billions of people to communicate each second of the day, we talk with a lot of people, in the supermarket, in the bank, in the college, also to use the language without sounds, if we go off the street can see many texts that we can understand. We can produce words, signs and sounds, and that action allow implicate all around the word. But what is that action? We talk about language when each person has the ability to produce a code with a meaning and can understand each other. (Fromkim, Rodman and Hyams, 2003)
Phases of Language
Claudia (2013) and Godoy (2000) children
pass for following phases to acquire the language.
Language Stages
Now, we know what the human
language is, but acquire it requires a process. There are five different stages
of language acquisition, this stage depends on the stage in which children are.
In the first stage, we have Silent/Receptive that is only when children listen
to her mother say several easy words. In this stage, children don’t produce any
language because they don’t have enough confidence to speak in the new
language. They only hear that the others, tell them and that allows them to
develop a passive sort of vocabulary.
(Language Study, N.D.)
The second one is called Early
Production. In this stage, children are more receptive but have a limited
comprehension and them only produce one or two-words (memorized or remembered
on silent/receptive stage) responses. They even can use keywords. This stage
may last less than six months if parents help their children to develop their
languages. (Language Study, N. D.)
Then we have Speech Emergence. By
this stage children can produce simple sentences, phrases or questions. Their
comprehension is better than the last stage and the sentences that they make
may or may not grammatically correct. In this stage the speaker will has
approximately 3.000 words in your vocabulary. And finally, when this stage is
ending the speaker can create complete paragraph. (Language Study, N. D.)
The fourth stage is Intermediate
Fluency. Here, the speaker has an extensive vocabulary add another 3.000
different words. Children are able to use more complex sentences and have fewer
grammatical mistakes. At this stage, they have an excellent comprehension. And
their speech and writing have improved markedly by the end of this stage. (Language Study, N.D.)
And finally, we have Advanced
Fluency. In this last stage, children have the ability to communicate in the
new language. They have a near native level of speech. Even, they have more
confidence to talk with others native speakers. (Language Study, N.D.)
Learning Language vs. Language Acquisition language
Necessity of expression that child's needs give an
experience that becomes bigger every time that kids put into practice and keep
it dynamic. For example, babies give their first words to ask for the
necessities (food, to play, etc.) but when they go to school acquired some
rules (grammar, syntax, etc.) about their language. (ELBES 2000) So,
acquisition language is subconscious developed, the children do not the
intention about memorizing the word with a meaning deliberately, but they know
the relation with word-object or action. On the other hand, learning is
considered like one activity which allows you to find new words in a
dictionary, is common when we learn the way that the language works, also like
their rules, their vocabulary and their grammar. There are some techniques that
make the material used for learning easier and more efficient. (Cicerchia,
2014)
One the main Differences between acquisition and
learning language is, that the first one developed informal situations and the
structure of the grammar doesn’t matter. While the second one has a
relationship between production and self-correction. (ELBES 2000)
Celaya Villanueva (1992) said: “Acquisition implies an
unconscious internalization of linguistic rules, whereas learning involves a
conscious emphasis on the structure of language. Therefore, we could say that
first and second language acquisition process are differentiated by means of
this dichotomy: we acquire a first language but we learn a second language.”
Fromkim, Rodman and Hyams (2003) mention in their book
four theory’s about the way that children acquire the language. The first is
through imitation. The first words of a child are learned by imitation, in that
way children will develop both languages at the same time. When they hear their
parent’s conversation, they’re learning and practicing both languages that are
spoken. The second is that children to produce correct (grammatical) sentences
through reinforced, when they say something wrong their parents or someone else
tell them the correct form and the children repeat the phrase. Roger Brown and
his colleagues at Harvard University studied the interaction between parents and
children, and they said that although the reinforcement occurs, it is usually
incorrect pronunciation or incorrect reporting. The third manner is structured
input, is when adults speak with children in a simplified language also called
motherese or child-directed or baby talk, with this form children better
understand. And finally, children can acquire the language through analogy.
This way is when the children heard some words and connecting that word to
create a different sentence.
What is Bilingualism?
"Bilingualism opens doors and provides opportunity to our children so they can shine and become successful in a labor market that is increasingly competitive and globalized."
―Luis Fortuno.
The meaning more
accept about bilingualism (Hammers & Blanc, 1989) say that the bilingual
can speak fluent in two languages. The speaker usually use and control two
language with the same skill. Chistopher Thiery (N.D.) say that The Concise
Oxford Dictionary define the term bilingual “as having, speaking, spoken or
writing in two language.”
True bilingualism
When we talk about true bilingual,
we mean two principal conditions: the
first, the subject speaks two language in the same level. None of those helps to define bilingualism due
no one speaks a language “`perfectly” and linguistic performance cannot be
measured and what it is not measured cannot be compared. It is said that even vocabulary
could be meaningless. A person cannot go through linguistic experience twice
for example, a person who has worked in two different countries like England
and France, that doesn’t mean that the individual will know both language
perfectly. Equality between two linguistic performances has to be approached in
a different ways. The second those both language are her or his mother tongues
and it is acquire by immersion. (We explain in the four subtitle of one part).
The child acquired her (his) mother tongues in the environment in which she (he)
develops at birth. After the child acquired the mother tongues she (he) can have
the speech-learning mechanism. (Chistopher Thiery, N.D.)
Advantage and disadvantage of the second language.
According to Nordquist Richard (2016) and Bradford Shannon
(N.D.) this are some advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism.
Advantages
• Connecting
with others
• More
attention
• Good
listening skills
• Opportunity
of job
• Being
bilingual enhances your chances of finding work.
• Increased
cognitive control
Disadvantages
• Confusion
of Language
• Making
mistakes in both language
• Decreased
verbal fluency
Culture and bilingualism
There is one existent idea that
says if you want to learn a new language you must move to another
native-speaker country. Once being there, you can practice and improve the
language. But it was not always like this because most of us have taken a
course in a foreign language in our place of origin without having to go
elsewhere. David Perez (N.D.) of the University of Valladolid, Spain said that
people who move to another place where a different language than yours is
spoken, the way of learning will be more effective; this because in that new
country three important points for the exchange of the language are received.
The first one is the way of native speakers talk, the second is the contextual
meanings and the third is the cultural influence that we use to speak in a
precise way.
Survey-interpretation
This survey was make to adults that had children are five
years old to thirteen years old.
The
genre was indistinct, the result was more boys than girls.
56.3% of children
attend public school and 43.7% attend private school. People agreed that is
easier and cheaper send them to public school, while people who send their
children to private school wanted them to learn a second language at an earlier
age.
29%
of the people answered that their children began to learn the language at the
age of 11, which is the age when children show their interested in foreign languages,
33% at the age of 6 to 10 where the parents are the ones who pressure the
children to learn, and the remainder at an early age, 38%
35.6%
of the people who answered said that they study English due it is one of the
most important languages nowadays. 20% find German interesting because it has
become more popular and 12.6% said French because it is one of the three most
important languages in our country.
For
us, this is an important question, because if the parents speak more than one
language their children could practice more and improve their ability by
talking while they grow up. But 70.2% answered that the parents of the children
do not speak another language. They only have the
mother tongue.
Here, we can find out
two possible options. The first one might be that children want to improve
their second language. But the second is that parents want their children
improve their abilities. That is why most respondents answered that 69% of
children practice Language outside of class.
The
52.9% consider that the level of the child when speaking the language is
elementary, here there are children of private school and public school. The 33.3%
said that children speak the language excellently, all of children go to
private school. And finally 13.8% that is deficient, that kids go to public
school.
For
children who are studying and practicing two languages at the same time could
be a problem. Respondents replied that 50% of the children confused the
language and the other 50% did not.
The majority (94.3%)
responded that learning a second language at an early age improves the fluency
of speaking a language compared to those who learn in adulthood. While the
rest, responded that maybe children can have better fluency.
58.1%
of children are learning (or begun to learn) the second language by obligation,
while 41% had an authentic interest for learn other language.
Conclusion
In conclusion and the information that we had from the
research and the (surveys we did). We can say that there are some main factors,
for example: The study of children in private schools, the fact that the
parents are able to speak a second language and they help their children to be
more interested in the acquisition of a foreign language. We realized that
there are many professors that are not able to teach in a correct way to
children and that can affect them because they cannot develop their abilities
to learn another language in public schools. Practicing the second language is
a hard work and also parents have a very important role in it because they need
attention and effort. It helps children to have a better control of the
language. Bilingualism has many benefits, not only children, but in all those
who study a second language, they have a better job opportunity in other
countries.
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